Linux
Dr. Tom V. Mathew
February 4, 2019
Contents
1 Basic commands
1.1 cd
To change the directory
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|
Command | Function |
|
|
cd | go to home directory |
cd .. | go to one directory down |
cd MainDirA | go to directory named MainDirA |
cd MainDirA/SubDirA | go to directory named SubDirA in the directory MainDirA |
cd ../../MainDirB/SubDirB | go to directory named SubDirB in the directory MainDirB from MainDirA/SubDirA |
|
1.2 rm
To remove or delete a file/directory
|
|
Command | Function |
|
|
rm fIle | deletes the file named File |
rm -i fIle | (interative mode) ask for confirmation before deleting the file named File |
rm -r Dir | deletes the directory named Dir |
rm -ri Dir | (interative mode) deletes the directory named Dir |
rm -f File | (force mode) deletes the file File if exists, otherwse no error is shown |
rm -v File | (verbose mode) deletes the file File and prints what the system did. |
|
1.3 lsList Files
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|
Command | Function |
|
|
ls | list file in the current directory |
ls -l | list file with all fields |
ls -o | list file with some fields |
|
1.4 date
Date gives the current date and time as follows.
date
Mon Aug 9 12:58:02 IST 2004
To get in dd/mm/yyyy format
date +\%d/\%m/\%y
09/08/2004
To get in dd/mm/yy format
date +\%d/\%m/\%y
09/08/04
To get in dd/mm/yy format (Alternate)
date +\%D
09/08/04
1.5 sort
sort command sorts a file, say file.tex.
sort file.tex
to sort a numeric file
sort -n file.tex
to sort a file in reverse order
sort -r file.tex
to sort a numeric file in everse order
sort -nr file.tex
to sort list of directories in the order of the group (i.e. sorting different fields) The
fourth field is the group +3 indicate the fourth field starting with zero. -b indiacte
ignore leading blanks
ls -l | sort +3 -b
To sort by the size of files
ls -l | sort +4 -b -n
1.6 tail
show the tail portion of a file, file.tex
tail file.tex
Show that last three lines of file.tex
tail +3 file.tex
1.7 cmp
cmp command compares two files and says there is difference, but not what is the
difference/
cmp file1.tex file2.tex
1.8 diff
diff command compares two files and says what are the differences
diff file1.tex file2.tex
1.9 touch
touch creates an empty file.
touch file.tex
1.10 wc
wc command counts characters, words and lines of a file
wc file.tex
1.11 wildcharacters
Suppose you have files as below:
file1.tex
file2.tex
file3.tex
file.tex
file.c
prog.cpp
file.doc
testfile
Then * indiacte all and ? single character, for example, the following command
display all files
ls *
This command will display all file, except the test file
ls *.*
To display all tex file
ls *.tex
To display all .tex files with number 1,2,3 at the end,
ls file?.tex
To display all c files,
ls *.c*
to display all files with file names start with small case alphabets
ls [a-z]*.*
to display all files with file names start with alphabets
ls [A-z]*.*
to display all files with file names start 1,2,3,4 or 5.
ls [1-5]*.*
to display all files with file names start with alphabet or digit
ls [0-9,A-z]*.*
to display all files with files that does not start with digit
ls [!0-9]*.*
to display all files with files that does not start with digit, but second character is
digit
ls [!0-9][0-9]*.*
1.12 grep
To check whether is word or character is in a file. Eg. to see whaere all the word
’display’ finds in file ’linux.tex’
grep display linux.tex
Eg. to see whaere all the word ’display all fil’ finds in file ’linux.tex’
grep ’display all fil’ linux.tex
1.13 File redirection
The output of many commands can be rdirected to files. To direct the out put of ls -l
to a file called file.dat. If file.dat is not existing, it will create, otherwise it will
overwrite.
ls -l > file.dat
To direct the out put of ls -l to a file called file.dat by appending the file.
ls -l >> file.dat
1.14 Piping
The output of a command can be fed to another command. To find how many files
are there in this direcotriy.
ls | wc -l
ls will generate the list of files and feed to wc -l command which will count the
number of lines. This is equivalent of
ls > t
wc -l t
rm t
Another example. To see whether user ’ce753’ is logged in
who | grep ce753
The piping can be nested. If you want to see the latest 10 files and sort
them
ls -t | tail +10 | sort
1.15 Mislaneous
pid Process ID’s PATH variables
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Command | Function |
|
|
who | Shows current users |
pwd | Shows the present working directory |
mkdirDirA | Creates the directoryDirA |
cat file | show (concatenates) the file named file |
more file | show the file page by pagefile |
less file | show the file page by pagefile |
cp dirA/file1.tex . | copy using relative path with respect to current directory |
cp /dirA/file1.tex . | copy using relative path with respect to user home area |
cp /dirA/file1.tex . | copy using absolute path (true for other commands like mv, rm, etc. |
|
2 Network commands
2.1 telnet
telnet 10.104.2.22
ce753
****
10.104.2.22 is the ip address of the machine. ce753 is the userid and **** is the
password.
2.2 ssh
ssh ce753@10.104.2.22
****
10.104.2.22 is the ip address of the machine. ce753 is the userid and **** is the
password.
2.3 ftp
File transfer protocol (ftp) to transfer files between two machins. You are in machines
A and you want to transfer file from/to machine B. Machine B has IP (10.104.2.1).
You have a file called aaa.tex which you want to transfer to B and from B you want
to transfer a file called bbb.pdf to A.
ftp 10.104.2.1
ce753
****
bin
hash
put aaa.txt
get bbb.pdf
Note that bin will set binary moded and hash will set hash mode. Suppose you have
many files, say a1.tex, a2.tex, ... a9.tex to transfer from A to B. Also you have to
transfer bbb.tex, bbb.pdf, bbb.html and bbb.fig from B to A. Login as above. Set to
binay and hash mode as above.
mput *.tex
mget bbb.*
Before each file transfer, ftp will ask whether you want to tranfer that file or not.
Please press ’y’ for yes and ’n’ for no. If you dont want to be asked every time set the
prompt off as below.
prom
mput *.tex
mget bbb.*
If you want to see which the default direcotries use the command below:
pwd
lcd
pwd will give the present working direcory of B (10.104.2.1) and lcd will
give the local current directory. Suppose your files are in direcotry BBB in
machine B and AAA direcotry of F drive in machine A. you can do this
by:
pwd
cd BBB
pwd
lcd
lcd F:\AAA
lcd
To see some other commands and brief details of each command
help
help bin
Note that by, ftp you cannot transfer a directory. For that you have convert the
directory to file and them transfer and then convert back to the directory. The two
common way of doing is by converring to a zip file or tgz file.
2.4 Display to other Linux Machine
2.5 Display to other Windows Machine
How to use putty and xMing
3 Security commands
3.1 chmode
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Command | Function |
|
|
d | file status d = direcotry, l = link, - = normal file |
r | read permission for owner - = no permission |
w | write permission for owner |
x | execute permission for owner |
r | read permission for group |
w | write permission for group |
x | execute permission for group |
r | read permission for public |
w | write permission for public |
x | execute permission for public |
chmode 777File | read write execute permission for owner, group and public |
|
There is a alternate way of doing this.
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|
chmode u+x file.tex | permits user to have execute permission |
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chmode g+x file.tex | permits group to have execute permission |
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chmode o+x file.tex | permits others to have execute permission |
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chmode a+x file.tex | permits all to have execute permission |
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chmode u+r file.tex | permits user to have read permission |
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chmode g+r file.tex | permits group to have read permission |
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chmode o+r file.tex | permits others to have read permission |
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chmode a+r file.tex | permits all to have read permission |
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chmode u+w file.tex | permits user to have write permission |
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chmode g+w file.tex | permits group to have write permission |
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chmode o+w file.tex | permits others to have write permission |
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chmode a+w file.tex | permits all to have write permission |
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chmode ugo+rwx file.tex | permits all user to have read-execute and write permissions |
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chmode a+rwx file.tex | same as above (permits all user to have read, execute and write permissions) |
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|
chmode a-rwx file.tex | deny all user to read, execute and write permissions |
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chmode a+rwx direcotory | permits all user to have read, execute and write permissions of the directory |
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chmode -R a+rwx direcotory | permits all user to have read, execute and write permissions of the directory as well as all the files inside that directory |
|
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|
4 Scripts
4.1 isimple
What ever commands you give in the linux command prompt can be given in a file
and execute the script. for example, if you execute a command like clean, then ls
-l, and date one by one. The whole can be put into a file say 1eg.bash as
below
clear
ls -l
date
This can be executed by any of follwing way:
- source 1eg.bash
- bash 1eg.bash
- sh 1eg.bash
- ./1eg.bash
Note: for the last case 1eg.bash should have executable permission.
4.2 Variable definition
2eg.bash
#
# Defines variables
#
X=One_Word
Y=Words with spaces
Z="Words with space in quotes"
var="Varible with maby characters"
echo -e "variable X\t" $X
echo -e "variable Y\t" $Y
echo -e "variable Z\t" $Z
echo -e "variable var\t" ${var}
4.3 File existance testing
#
# Checks whether the file defined by vaiable F exists or not
#
F=file.tex
if [ -e "$Y" ]; then
echo "File $F exists"
else
echo "File $F DOES NOT exists"
fi
4.4 test
#test
X=Prog.C
if [ -n "$X" ]; then
echo "X-file : $X"
fi
if [ -n "$Y" ]; then
echo "Y-file : $Y"
else
echo "Y-file : not defined"
fi
M=makefile
if [ -e $M ]; then
echo "file exist : $M"
fi
for X in A B C
do
echo $X
done
for X in p*.tex
do
cat $X
done
#!/bin/bash
X=0
while [ $X -le 10 ]
do
echo $X
X=$((X+1))
done
#!/bin/bash
echo "Current "
X=0
while [ $X -le 20 ]
do
Y=p$X.tex
if [ -e $Y ]; then
cat $Y
fi
X=$((X+1))
done
#!/bin/bash
# Another Script to rename all
# c file to cpp
#
for X in *.c
do
mv $X ${X/"c"/cpp}
done
4.5 nptel
#!/bin/bash
#
# script file to list all tex files
echo "List all the files"
cmd="latex2html -nonavigation -noinfo -noaddres -split 0 -dir"
dire="scripts/tmp1/"
XM=0
PWD1="../"
PWD="/faculty/tse/public_html/07Nptel04/"
MOD="mtexf/"
LEC="ltexf/"
HEA="h"
PRE="p"
TAI="t"
EXT=".tex"
OUT="ceTEI/"
while [ ${XM} -le 1 ]
do
dinpMod=${PWD}${XM}${MOD}
#-------------------
if [ -d ${dinpMod} ]; then
echo ${dinpMod}
doutMod=${PWD}${OUT}${XM}${MOD}
if [ -d ${doutMod} ]; then
echo "Direcotry exists -> ${doutMod}"
else
echo "Creating directory -> ${doutMod}"
mkdir ${doutMod}
fi
XL=0
while [ ${XL} -le 1 ]
do
dinpModLec=${dinpMod}${XL}${LEC}
if [ -d ${dinpModLec} ]; then
echo ${dinpModLec}
doutModLec=${PWD}${OUT}${XM}${MOD}${XL}${LEC}
if [ -d ${doutModLec} ]; then
echo "Directory exists ->-> ${doutModLec}"
else
echo "Creating directory ->-> ${doutModLec}"
mkdir ${doutModLec}
fi
XP=0
while [ ${XP} -le 2 ]
do
fModLecH=${dinpModLec}${HEA}${XP}${EXT}
fModLecP=${dinpModLec}${PRE}${XP}${EXT}
fModLecT=${dinpModLec}${TAI}${XP}${EXT}
if [ -e ${fModLecP} ]; then
doutModLecP=${doutModLec}${PRE}${XP}
if [ -d ${doutModLecP} ]; then
echo "Directory exists ->->-> ${doutModLecP}"
else
echo "Creating directory ->->-> ${doutModLecP}"
mkdir ${doutModLecP}
fi
ls ${fModLecH}
ls ${fModLecP}
ls ${fModLecT}
cat ${fModLecH} ${fModLecP} ${fModLecT} > p.tex
echo "${cmd} ${doutModLecP} p.tex"
${cmd} ${doutModLecP} p.tex
#echo "${cmd} ${doutModLecP} ${fModLecP}"
#${cmd} ${doutModLecP} ${fModLecP}
fi
XP=$((XP+1))
done
fi
#------------------------------------
XL=$((XL+1))
done
fi
#--------------------
XM=$((XM+1))
done
4.6 awk program
The source tex file contains patterns like ”begx” and ”endx” and this script will
convert the portion between the pattern into small tex files.
#
# bash script file for extracting
# tex files, with head and tails
# for NPTEL Web course
#
# Dr. Tom V. Mathew (vmtom@iitb.ac.in)
#
# created : 10-sep-2004
#
finp="11intro_pav_design.tex"
#
beg="begx"
end="endx"
fout="p"
ext="tex"
#
# get how many pateern exist in the file
#
# get the number of patterns
#
N=$(grep begx ${finp} | wc -l)
echo "No of p files $N"
#
# use awk to extract the portion
#
i=1
while [ ${i} -le ${N} ]
do
awk "/${beg}${i}/,/${end}/" ${finp} > ${fout}${i}.${ext}
# awk "/${beg}${i}/,/${end}/" ${finp}
i=$((i+1))
done
#
# we have now p?.tex
#
X=1
while [ ${X} -le $N ]
do
ln -s head.tex h${X}.tex
ln -s tail.tex t${X}.tex
X=$((X+1))
done
5 awk
5.1 File reading
To read a file and write two fields to anoter file use the follwing awk script
awk ’{print $1" "$3}’ inFile > outFile
The inFile is
one two three
abc def ghi
x y z
and the out file is
one three
abc ghi
x z
5.2 awk and convert
To convert all jpg images to into thumpnails. First create a script file and then
execute the script file.
ls *.JPG | awk ’{print "convert "$1" -resize 5% ../" $1}’ > convert.bash
source convert.bash
5.3 To convert a text database to html
This database will extract the first word, second word, from each line and write
to the file. Each work can contain space, and the words are separated by
tab.
I=faculty.txt
F=faculty.html
echo "<!-- Dr. Tom V. Mathew -->" > $F
echo "<html><p>" >> $F
echo "<BODY bgcolor=\"#ACD2C7\" background=\"../database/01image.gif\" text=\"#000000\" link=\"#0000ff\" vlink=\"#ff0000\" alink=\"#00ff00\">" >> $F
echo "<font face=\"Comic Sans MS\" color=\"552277\">" >> $F
echo "<h1>Transportation Faculty</h1>" >> $F
echo "<font face=\"Verdana\" size=\"4\">" >> $F
awk ’BEGIN {
RS="\n"
FS="\t"
}
{
print "<font color=\"6600CC\" size=\"5\"><strong>"
print $1
print $2
print "</strong><br></font><font color=\"0000ff\">"
print " <a href=\"mailto:"
print $3
print "@civil\.iitb\.ac\.in\">"
print $3"@civil\.iitb\.ac\.in</a>"
print "</font><font color=\"000000\"><strong>"
print $4
print "</strong></font><font color=\"006633\">"
print $5"</font>"
print " <a href=\"http://www\.civil\.iitb\.ac\.in/~"$3
print "\" target=\"new\">Home</a></p>"
}’ $I >> $F
echo "</p></html>" >> $F
For example: this imput is converted to an html:
Prof. S L Dhingra dhingra 7329 Transportaion Eonomics
Prof. P K Sikdar pksikdar 7314 Transportaion Systems Planning
Prof. K V K Rao kvkrao 7305 Transportaion Planning
Prof. Tom V Mathew vmtom 7349 Transportaion Networks
The output is:
6 Misc Scripts
6.1 perl script to search and replace
If you want to seach and replace a word in a number of files (say all tex files)
simultaneous, you can use this script.
perl -p -i -e ’s/search-word/replace-word/g’ *.tex
6.2 Automatic file backups
# This script will make a copy of the given file
# by appending the file name with a date stamp.
# For example
#
# Input : file.tex
# Action : source update
# Output : file.tex.2005-09-20-12-47-02
#
# The date format contains the year, month, day
# hour, minute, and second. This is usefule for
# taking backpup
#
# vmtom@civil.iitb.ac.in
#
F=file.tex
#
D=$(date +%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S)
#
cp file.tex file.tex.$D
#
Save the above code in file say update. You can use this by replacing file.tex with
your file.
6.3 Merging two PDF files
gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile=merged.pdf a.pdf b.pdf c.pdf
6.4 TECP enquiries
To see all the tcp inquiries
[root@tula 4303links]# /usr/sbin/tcpdump -n arp
6.5 Pipe commands
Pipe command to find all cpp file and copy to some folder
find . -name ’*.cpp’ -print | xargs cp -v -t ./source/
My pipe command to kill an httpd process (not very good)
ps -ae | grep http
kill -9 $(ps -ae | grep http | cut -f3 -d" ")
to use in gemini. Need refinement for cut to get exact PID.
My pipe command to kill an httpd process (better)
/opt/pkgs/apache/bin/apachectl stop
ps -ae | grep http
ps -ae | grep http | awk ’{print "kill -9", $1}’> t
source t
rm t
/opt/pkgs/apache/bin/apachectl start
to use in gemini. Need refinement for to pipe kill.
6.6 Linux File System Quotas
Step 1: Edit /etc/fstab to add "usrquota" to the partition
/dev/hda2 /phd ext3 defaults,usrquota 1 2
Step 2: Add the file aquota.user
touch /phd/aquota.user
chmod 600 /phd/quota.user
Step 3: reboot the system
shutdown -r now
Step 4: Construct the quota data base
quotacheck -vgudinf /phd
Step 5: Set soft and hard limit for user p5test
edquota -u p5test
Step 6: Set the same limit for all other users
edquota -p p5test -u ***
where *** indicate list of users (one by one)
Step 7a: Check the quota of all users
repquota /phd
Step 7b: Check the quota for a user
quota -u p5test
Note 1: Assumes that the quota is on in the partition
quotaon -v /phd
(This should be part of system start up)
Note 2: if quotacheck command given sime error for Read only file
try this:
mount -o remount,rw /phd
then delete the (hard or soft link, or locked file)
6.7 C/C++/Java Code cleaner
Dowload Astyle application from the follwing site.
http://sourceforge.net/projects/astyle/
Unzip the folder and if you are in Windows, then an exe file under the AStyle/bin
folder will work for you. In linux you have to compile the src files. In windows
execute the following command.
AStyle.exe --options=style.txt < yourFile.cpp > newFile.cpp
where style.txt contains your options. My options file is
--style=allman
--indent=tab
--indent-classes
--indent-switches
--indent-cases
--indent-labels
--indent-preprocessor
--indent-col1-comments
--min-conditional-indent=0
--max-instatement-indent=60
--break-blocks=all
--unpad-paren
--delete-empty-lines
--break-elseifs
--add-brackets
--convert-tabs
--align-pointer=type
--align-reference=type
--preserve-date
--verbose
--lineend=linux
6.8 Video converter
To convert (or transcode) an array of MPG files to mp4 files in Linux/Ubundu using
vlc
#
# Script to convert/transcode MPG files to mp4 and mp3 files
# command to execute:
#
# source vlcscript.bash
#
# Report bugs to: tfrdn7@gmail.com
#
# created : Wed Mar 20 20:42:42 IST 2013
#
# Step 1: Give the files
#
#
array=(
file_1.MPG
file_2.MPG
file_3.MPG
)
# Script begins here
#
count=${#array[@]}
index=0
Cnt=0
F="logVlc.txt"
echo "Log file" > $F
#
while [ "$index" -lt "$count" ];
do
X=${array[$index]}
# Step 2: file extension for video and audio
#
O=${X%.MPG}".mp4"
#
A=${X%.MPG}".mp3" # Step 2: give the file extension
#
let "index++"
Cnt=$((Cnt+1))
if [ -e ${X} ]; then
# VIDEO conversion
#
if ! [ -e ${O} ]; then
echo -e "Video compreesion of file" ${O} " " $index "/" $count
vlc -I dummy -vvv ${X} --sout ’#transcode{vcodec=h264,scale=0.67,acodec=mpga,ab=128,channels=2,samplerate=44100}:std{access=file,mux=mp4,dst=’${O}’}’ vlc://quit
echo -e "Processed video file" ${X} " " $index "/" $count >> $F
fi
#
# AUDIO conversion
#
if ! [ -e ${A} ]; then
echo -e "Audio extraction of file" ${A} " " $index "/" $count
vlc -I dummy -vvv ${X} --sout ’#transcode{vcodec=dummy,acodec=mp3,ab=128,channels=2,samplerate=44100}:std{access=file,mux=raw,dst=’${A}’}’ vlc://quit
echo -e "Processed audio file" ${X} " " $index "/" $count >> $F
fi
fi
done
echo -e "\nCompleted\n"
To convert (or transcode) all MPG files in the current folder to mp4 using vlc
player in Windows. Note: if the file exist, it will skip.
@echo off
for %%a in (*.MPG) do (
if not exist %%~na.mp4 (
"C:\Program Files (x86)\VideoLAN\VLC\vlc" -I dummy -vvv %%a --sout=#transcode{vcodec=h264,scale=0.67,acodec=mpga,ab=128,channels=2,samplerate=44100}:standard{access=file,mux=mp4,dst=%%~na.mp4} vlc://quit
) else (
echo The file %%~na.mp4 exist
)
)
To convert an MPG file to flv file using VLC command line for uploading in
youtube.
vlc input.MPG --sout ’#transcode{vcodec=h264,acodec=mp3,ab=128,channels=2,samplerate=44100}:std{access=file,mux=mp4,dst=output.flv}’ vlc://quit
To convert a raw MPG file to compressed mp4 file using avconv command line for
uploading in youtube.
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install avconv
sudo apt-get install libav-tools
sudo apt-get install x264
sudo apt-get install libavcodec-extra-53
avconv -i M2U00009.MPG -vcodec libx264 -b:v 600k -maxrate 600k -bufsize 1000k -deinterlace -threads 0 -acodec libvo_aacenc -b:a 96k out.mp4
# Script to convert raw MPG files to mp4 files
# command to execute:
# source avconc_script.bash
# Report bugs to: tfrdn7@gmail.com
# created : Wed Mar 20 20:42:42 IST 2013
# updated : Sat Oct 26 10:24:05 IST 2013
# Step 1: Give the files
#
array=(
file1.MPG
file2.MPG
)
count=${#array[@]}
index=0
Cnt=0
while [ "$index" -lt "$count" ];
do
X=${array[$index]}
# Step 2: give the file extension
#
O=${X%.MPG}".mp4"
echo -e "Processing file" ${X} " " $index "/" $count
let "index++"
Cnt=$((Cnt+1))
if [ -e ${I} ]; then
avconv -i $X -vcodec libx264 -b:v 600k -maxrate 600k -bufsize 1000k -deinterlace -threads 0 -acodec libvo_aacenc -b:a 96k ${O}
fi
done
echo -e "\nCompleted\n"
6.9 mysql
# Mysql Command to take the full backup
mysqldump -u root -prootxyz --all-databases > allmySqlDataBaseBkp_20131017.sql
# Use command prompt commands
# Log on to the sql
mysqldump -u root -prootxyz
# Select the databases
show databases;
# select on databse e_emech
use e_mech;
# to see tables
show tables;
# show the keys in a table
describe bookingdetails1;
# show all the contents of a table
select * from bookingdetails1;
# show matching some key
select * from lai where tid=20131017115557;
#copy table from one database to another
rename table d_meet.bookingdetails1 to d_ce208.bookingdetails1;
# delete one entry from the table
delete from bookingdetails1 where bid=253;
# Remove all the contents of the table
truncate bookingdetails1;
# Delete databse
drop database d_meet;
7 Ubundu commands
7.1 Setting the System Time
sudo date -s "$(wget -qSO- --max-redirect=0 google.com 2>&1 | grep Date: | cut -d’ ’ -f5-8)Z"
Help Link
7.2 GRUB2 Repair
GRUB2 Rescure and Repair Help. In the grub menu, type c to enter command line
and select the partion. GRUB2 starts with 1 and not 0.
set root=(hd0,2)
chainloader +1
boot
Grub2 Command Line Repair Help Link
7.3 Ubundu Proxy
This is needed for various application installation, especially dopbox.
- For bash add a file sudo vim /etc/profile.d/proxy.sh
http_proxy="http://uid:pwd@netmon.iitb.ac.in:80/"
https_proxy="http://uid:pwd@netmon.iitb.ac.in:80/"
ftp_proxy="http://uid:pwd@netmon.iitb.ac.in:80/"
- For environment, add file sudo vim /etc/environment
http_proxy=http://uid:pwd@netmon.iitb.ac.in:80/
https_proxy=http://uid:pwd@netmon.iitb.ac.in:80/
ftp_proxy=http://uid:pwd@netmon.iitb.ac.in:80/
- For apt-get add file sudo vim /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/proxy.conf
Acquire::http::Proxy "http://uid:pwd@netmon.iitb.ac.in:80/";
Acquire::https::Proxy "http://uid:pwd@netmon.iitb.ac.in:80/";
- For wget add file vim /.wgetrc
use_proxy=on
http_proxy=http://uid:pwd@netmon.iitb.ac.in:80/
https_proxy=http://uid:pwd@netmon.iitb.ac.in:80/
ftp_proxy=http://uid:pwd@netmon.iitb.ac.in:80/
Note that special character should be escaped by the unicode For example, # in the
password should be replaced by %23.
7.4 Ubundu Installation
- Ubundu On USB Driver
- delete GRUB files from a Boot EFI partition in Windows 10
- Uninstall Grub and use Windows bootloader
8 Latex
8.1 htlatex
- Remove hlines using configuration file
9 Windows 10
9.1 Dropbox
Converting an SD Card to Permanent Storage in Windows Devices
9.2 Remove white space from word
Search for [Cntrl]u65279 and replace with blank. The number is the unicode for the
white space.
9.3 Disable Windows updates
Press Start+R > Type gpedit.msc > Press Enter.
Computer Configuration > Administrative Templates > All Settings.
Find Configure Automatic Updates (Press C to go there quickly).
Choose Enable > There are 5 choices in the Options > Choose # 5 - Allow local
admin to choose setting.
Apply > OK.
Source
9.4 Get Windows Product Key
The simplest and esay way is to sse the vba script in the link.
10 Links
- Before we start: Why Linux is better
- Why Linux is Great
- Unix Tutorial for beginners The right place for the beginner.
- Getting Started with Linux - Course Material Little more detailed list.
- Norman Matloff’s Unix and Linux Tutorial Center By a Comp. Science
Prof. All pages in PDF format. Also contains some c tutorials.
- Summary list of commands (one page)
- Linux tutorials This is an in-depth tutorial.
- Linux tutorials Include how to install, configure, and administer the
systems.
- NC State University Some basic definitions and commands of Unix/Linux.
Has a small pdf file that contains a summary of commands
- Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide
- Bash Guide for Beginners